Unenacted amendments to a Civil Procedure Code prepared in 1872

Recent Amendments to the Civil Service Retirement Act

* A c t u a r i a l C o n s u l t a n t , S o c i a l S e c u r i t y A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . Provision of survivor benefits under Federal old-age and survivors insurance in 1939 and under the Railroad Retirement Act in 1946 greatly strengthened and extended the protection given to wage earners and their families. The recent amendments to the Civil Service Retirement Act which, among othe...

Simplified Civil Procedure in Japan

Japanese civil procedure covers four types of simplified procedures: ordinary proceedings in summary courts; actions on bills, notes, and checks; actions on small claims; and payment orders. Actions on small claims were newly introduced as civil procedure in 1996 to promote public access to justice. Summary courts have jurisdiction over these actions. The use of actions on small claims once inc...

expression about the position of knowledge of judge and documents in civil procedure based on article 1335 of civil code

in different codes, document is recognized as a valid evidence, but in article 1335 of the civil code it is used as an expression that denies its validity as an independent evidence and limits its documentary effect as introduction of knowledge of judge; so the expression of the legislator in this article about the document is inconsistent with other articles of that code as well as with articl...

the shortfalls of iran’s code of civil procedure in issuing interim orders by the arbitrator

one of the most important issues which has long been considered as a shortfall in the civil procedure code (cpc) is the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal to issue interim orders. currently, neither the court nor the arbitral tribunal can freely grant the interim measure so that the tribunals and the court hardly accept the plea for granting the interim measure. the reason lies in the shortf...

The German Advantage in Civil Procedure